Characterization of the Human Antibody Response to Influenza Type B Virus

Abstract

This thesis explores the intricate mechanisms by which the human immune system generates antibodies to fend off diseases, focusing on the response to Influenza Type B virus. The ability of the immune system to produce antibodies during an infection or in response to vaccination is a cornerstone of our defense against numerous pathogens. Specifically, this work delves into the production and functional capabilities of neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA) antibodies elicited post-vaccination and from naturally infected individuals. These antibodies play pivotal roles in neutralizing the virus, thereby offering protection against the disease. These studies highlight in vitro inhibition of viral replication and the significant protective efficacy of NA and HA antibodies in vivo, underscoring their potential in therapeutic and prophylactic applications against influenza. Additionally, this thesis presents groundbreaking insights into the structural basis of antibody-antigen interactions that underpin this protective effect. Using high-resolution electron microscopy, the precise binding sites and mechanisms of action of these antibodies on the influenza virus have been elucidated. The detailed visualization of these interactions not only enhances our understanding of antibody-mediated immunity but also guides the design of more effective vaccines and antibody-based therapies.