UNCOVERING THE MECHANISMS OF INFRARED NEURAL STIMULATION IN NEURONS & ASTROCYTES

Abstract

The potential for using optical energy to modulate neural activity has gained significant traction in the last two decades due to its convenient implementation, spatial specificity, and contact-free capabilities. Of many techniques for optical neuromodulation, infrared neural stimulation (INS) uses pulsed infrared light to transiently heat local regions of neural tissue and evoke action potentials from neurons. Using pulsed infrared light offers an opportunity for improved optical neuromodulation technologies free of genetic modification or exogenous substances – broadening the toolbox of optical modulation methods available to neuroscientists. While infrared neural stimulation (INS) holds potential both clinically and experimentally, the fundamental biophysical mechanisms are still poorly understood. It has become increasingly evident that more than just neuronal cells may be affected by infrared energy, particularly in the brain. This dissertation seeks to gain insight on the mechanistic basis of infrared neural stimulation in neuronal cells and its collateral effects on astrocytes.