Sexual Orientation Identity and Gender Disparities in Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Vaccination Among U.S. Adults

Abstract

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a common virus that many people can fight on their own, but it also contributes to hundreds of thousands of cancer cases globally according to the National Cancer Institute (2023). An HPV vaccine was released in 2006 which allows for significant protection from high-risk HPV infection and consequently, protection from HPV-related cancer; however, not all people have equal access to preventative health care. Using data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, this study examines vaccination uptake and age of vaccination in relation to participants' sexual orientation, gender, and race to understand if there has been any progress in previously found disparities. Furthermore, it also draws upon multiple surveys to explore the influence of surveying methods on the relationship between these variables. This study found significantly higher vaccination among bisexual individuals compared to heterosexual participants as well as for women, compared to men. When examining race, a disparity in vaccination was found in more recent years, predominantly among heterosexual respondents. It is clear from these findings the potential influences of social determinants of health on vaccine access and recommendations. Overall, public health initiatives need to shift focus to target these large, non-vaccinated populations to achieve higher rates of cancer prevention among all people, regardless of sexual orientation, gender identity, race, or geographic region.