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Global Patterns in Monthly Activity of Influenza Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Parainfluenza Virus, and Metapneumovirus: a Systematic Analysis

dc.contributor.authorGrijalva, Carlos G.
dc.contributor.authorHalasa, Natasha
dc.date.accessioned2019-10-11T16:05:12Z
dc.date.available2019-10-11T16:05:12Z
dc.date.issued2019-08
dc.identifier.citationLANCET GLOBAL HEALTH, Volume: 7, Issue: 8, Pages: E1031-E1045en_US
dc.identifier.issn2214-109X
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1803/9586
dc.descriptionOnly Vanderbilt University affiliated authors are listed on VUIR. For a full list of authors, access the version of record at https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/langlo/PIIS2214-109X(19)30264-5.pdfen_US
dc.description.abstractBackground Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus are the most common viruses associated with acute lower respiratory infections in young children (<5 years) and older people (>= 65 years). A global report of the monthly activity of these viruses is needed to inform public health strategies and programmes for their control. Methods In this systematic analysis, we compiled data from a systematic literature review of studies published between Jan 1, 2000, and Dec 31, 2017; online datasets; and unpublished research data. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported laboratory-confirmed incidence data of human infection of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, or metapneumovirus, or a combination of these, for at least 12 consecutive months (or 52 weeks equivalent); stable testing practice throughout all years reported; virus results among residents in well-defined geographical locations; and aggregated virus results at least on a monthly basis. Data were extracted through a three-stage process, from which we calculated monthly annual average percentage (AAP) as the relative strength of virus activity. We defined duration of epidemics as the minimum number of months to account for 75% of annual positive samples, with each component month defined as an epidemic month. Furthermore, we modelled monthly AAP of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus using site-specific temperature and relative humidity for the prediction of local average epidemic months. We also predicted global epidemic months of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus on a 5 degrees by 5 degrees grid. The systematic review in this study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018091628. Findings We initally identified 37 335 eligible studies. Of 21 065 studies remaining after exclusion of duplicates, 1081 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 185 were identified as eligible. We included 246 sites for influenza virus, 183 sites for respiratory syncytial virus, 83 sites for parainfluenza virus, and 65 sites for metapneumovirus. Influenza virus had clear seasonal epidemics in winter months in most temperate sites but timing of epidemics was more variable and less seasonal with decreasing distance from the equator. Unlike influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus had clear seasonal epidemics in both temperate and tropical regions, starting in late summer months in the tropics of each hemisphere, reaching most temperate sites in winter months. In most temperate sites, influenza virus epidemics occurred later than respiratory syncytial virus (by 0.3 months [95% CI -0.3 to 0.9]) while no clear temporal order was observed in the tropics. Parainfluenza virus epidemics were found mostly in spring and early summer months in each hemisphere. Metapneumovirus epidemics occurred in late winter and spring in most temperate sites but the timing of epidemics was more diverse in the tropics. Influenza virus epidemics had shorter duration (3.8 months [3.6 to 4.0]) in temperate sites and longer duration (5.2 months [4.9 to 5.5]) in the tropics. Duration of epidemics was similar across all sites for respiratory syncytial virus (4.6 months [4.3 to 4.8]), as it was for metapneumovirus (4.8 months [4.4 to 5.1]). By comparison, parainfluenza virus had longer duration of epidemics (6.3 months [6.0 to 6.7]). Our model had good predictability in the average epidemic months of influenza virus in temperate regions and respiratory syncytial virus in both temperate and tropical regions. Through leave-one-out cross validation, the overall prediction error in the onset of epidemics was within 1 month (influenza virus -0.2 months [-0.6 to 0.1]; respiratory syncytial virus 0.1 months [-0.2 to 0.4]). Interpretation This study is the first to provide global representations of month-by-month activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus. Our model is helpful in predicting the local onset month of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus epidemics. The seasonality information has important implications for health services planning, the timing of respiratory syncytial virus passive prophylaxis, and the strategy of influenza virus and future respiratory syncytial virus vaccination. Copyright (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study was supported by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Consortium in Europe (RESCEU). RESCEU has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No. 116019. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. YL and XW are supported by scholarships from China Scholarship Council. We thank Meagan E Peterson for her assistance in preparing the data collection template for collating data from RSV GEN investigators. We thank Alma Nurkic and the participating three labs in New South Wales, Australia for providing their data. We thank Andrea Gutierrez, Imane Jroundi, and Histoshi Oshitani for providing their local seasonality data. Funding for data collection in Kilifi, Kenya was from the Wellcome Trust (Grant ref#102975). Data from one study in Peru were contributed by employees of the US Government and were prepared as part of their official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. 105 provides that "Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government." Title 17 U.S.C. 101 defines a US Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employee of the US Government as part of that person's official duties. The views expressed in this Article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the US Government. The study was supported by funded by work unit number DHP 67.7., GEIS-Lima 847705 82000 25GB B0016, CDC. The study protocol was approved by the Naval Medical Research Unit Number Six Institutional Review Board in compliance with all applicable Federal regulations governing the protection of human participants. Philippe Buchy is an employee of GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines. Bradford D Gessner is an employee of Pfizer Vaccines. Daniel E Noyola has participated as member of the speakers' bureau of AbbVie and Sanofi-Pasteur.en_US
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherLANCET GLOBAL HEALTHen_US
dc.rightsCopyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
dc.source.urihttps://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/langlo/PIIS2214-109X(19)30264-5.pdf
dc.subjectseasonalityen_US
dc.subjectinfectionsen_US
dc.subjectepidemicsen_US
dc.subjectdriversen_US
dc.subject.lcshEpidemicsen_US
dc.titleGlobal Patterns in Monthly Activity of Influenza Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Parainfluenza Virus, and Metapneumovirus: a Systematic Analysisen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30264-5


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