Development and Evaluation of Wearable Technologies to Monitor and Modulate Musculoskeletal Loading in Real-World Environments

Abstract

This dissertation investigates the development of wearable technologies for monitoring and modulating musculoskeletal load, aiming to translate these capabilities from the lab to real-world applications. Traditionally, musculoskeletal load monitoring has relied on visual observation or lab-based motion analysis and musculoskeletal modeling, which are limited by inconsistencies and restricted environments respectively. Wearable sensors offer a promising alternative by enabling continuous, remote monitoring outside of controlled settings. However, significant barriers to their widespread adoption remain, including issues with sensor accuracy, data interpretation, and sensor implementation. The first major focus of this dissertation is addressing these technical limitations through machine learning algorithms and biomechanical modeling to estimate loads on the lower back and leg. This research introduces new methods for calibrating sensors, improving data interpretation, and developing practical tools for diverse settings such as workplace ergonomics, athletic training, and clinical environments. Beyond monitoring, practitioners seek methods to modulate musculoskeletal loads to reduce injury risk and support recovery. While rest protocols are commonly used, they can impose psychological and financial burdens, especially in workplace or athletic settings. Wearable assistive technologies, such as exoskeletons (exos), provide an innovative approach by reducing forces on specific musculoskeletal structures while allowing continued activity. This dissertation also focuses on the design and validation of an ankle exoskeleton aimed at reducing load on the Achilles tendon during walking and running, with an emphasis on comfort and practicality for real-world use. Overall, this work advances wearable monitoring and load-modulating solutions, contributing to a continuing body work impacting musculoskeletal health and injury prevention.